Establishment and evaluation of the polygenic disease risk prediction model / 上海预防医学

To establish a disease risk prediction model based on genetic susceptibility genes and environmental risk factors， which can target high-risk population as early as possible， and intervene in the environmental risk factors in this population. Moreover， accurate screening of genetically susceptible populations can enhance the efficiency of health system. In recent years， with the maturation and cost reduction of high-throughput gene testing， gene testing has been widely used in individual clinical decision-making and will play a more important role in medical and health decision-making. The correlation between genetic testing and disease risk prediction is increasing， making it a prominent research topic in this field. This review summarizes the approaches for establishing and evaluating risk prediction models and discusses potential future challenges and opportunities.

Association between short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide and the risk of heart failure hospitalization / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To assess the association between short-term exposure level of nitrogen dioxide and the hospitalization risk of heart failure. Methods: Based on China-PEACE Retrospective Heart Failure Study, 117 364 hospitalized patients with heart failure were recruited from 92 hospitals in 62 cities throughout China between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2015. The daily exposure level of nitrogen dioxide, temperature, and humidity in the same cities during the same period were also collected. We applied the generalized additive model and Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify the lagged effect and cumulative effect of short-term (0-3 days) exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide on the hospitalization risk of heart failure. We further conducted stratified analyses by age, region, and season to identify any difference in the associations between short-term nitrogen dioxide exposure and heart failure among subgroups. Results: The mean age for participants in the analysis was (70.32±12.22) years. The median, minimum and maximum of daily nitrogen dioxide concentration in 62 cities from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 was 26.4 μg/m3, 2.33 μg/m3 and 150.25 μg/m3, respectively. The exposure level of nitrogen dioxide at the same day was associated with the hospitalization risk of heart failure (OR=1.022, 95%CI: 1.012, 1.031). Significant effects were also observed in the moving average concentrations from lag 0-1 to lag 0-3 day (OR=1.020, 95%CI: 1.009, 1.030; OR=1.016, 95%CI: 1.004, 1.028; OR=1.013, 95%CI: 1.001, 1.026). Moreover, all of the associations between short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and the risk of heart failure hospitalization were statistically significant, with no significant difference in all subgroups stratified by age, region, and season. Conclusion: A higher level of short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide could trigger more hospitalizations with heart failure.

Advances in metabolic engineering of methylotrophic yeasts / 生物工程学报

Methylotrophic yeasts are considered as promising cell factories for bio-manufacturing due to their several advantages such as tolerance to low pH and high temperature. In particular, their methanol utilization ability may help to establish a methanol biotransformation process, which will expand the substrate resource for bio-refinery and the product portfolio from methanol. This review summarize current progress on engineering methylotrophic yeasts for production of proteins and chemicals, and compare the strengths and weaknesses with the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The challenges and possible solutions in metabolic engineering of methylotrophic yeasts are also discussed. With the developing efficient genetic tools and systems biology, the methylotrophic yeasts should play more important roles in future green bio-manufacturing.

Effect of Artesunate on Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization and Expression of HIF-1α and VEGF / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the effects of artesunate （ART） on experimental choroidal neovascularization （CNV） and the expression of related proteins， and to explore the underlying mechanism. Method:Eighty BN rats were randomly divided into five groups： a normal group， a model group， a conbercept group， and low- （10.08 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） and high-dose （20.16 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） ART groups， with 16 rats in each group. A CNV model was established with 532 nm laser in rats of the groups except for the normal group. The rats in each group were treated with corresponding drugs by gavage for 14 days. The normal group， the model group， and the conbercept group received 1% CMC-Na solution at the same volume， while the conbercept group received an intravitreal injection （5 μL） once. On days 7 and 14， fundus fluorescein angiography （FFA） was used to evaluate the fluorescein leakage （gray value） of CNV. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was adopted to observe the histopathological changes of CNV. Western blot was employed to detect the protein expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1<italic>α</italic> （HIF-1<italic>α</italic>） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in the retina and choroid. Result:FFA results showed that compared with the normal group， other groups showed increased gray value on days 7 and 14 （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. On day 7， the gray value of the high-dose ART group and the conbercept group decreased compared with that in the model group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. On day 14， the gray value of the ART groups and the conbercept group decreased in varying degrees compared with that in the model group （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. HE results showed that compared with the normal group， the model group showed increased thickness of CNV on days 7 and 14 （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the ART groups and the conbercept group displayed decreased thickness of CNV （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Western blot results revealed that the expression of HIF-1<italic>α</italic> and VEGF in the model group increased in varying degrees on the days 7 and 14 compared with that in the normal group （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， while compared with the model group， the ART groups and the conbercept group showed decreased expression （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:ART can inhibit experimental CNV by down-regulating the expression of HIF-1<italic>α</italic> and VEGF in the early stage of experimental CNV formation.

Effect of wuzhi capsules on the blood concentration of tacrolimus relative to diltiazem and CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms / 药学学报

To determine the relationship between the effect of wuzhi capsules on the blood concentration of tacrolimus as compared to diltiazem and with regard to cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A5 gene polymorphisms, 170 patients who underwent renal transplantation from November 2014 to March 2018 and used tacrolimus combined with diltiazem 30 mg bid were selected in this study retrospectively. Patients were divided into an observation group (105 patients) and a control group (65 patients) according to whether they used wuzhi capsules after the operation. The polymorphisms of CYP3A5*3 were determined and the effect of wuzhi capsules on the blood concentration of tacrolimus, as compared with that of diltiazem was determined in patients with different CYP3A5*3 genotypes. This study complies with relevant ethical norms. The results show that compared with diltiazem, an increase of tacrolimus C0/D was significantly correlated with the patient's CYP3A5*3 genotype in both the self-control and the control group. CYP3A5 expressers in the observation group were able to increase the tacrolimus C0/D by about 76.8% by replacing the wuzhi capsules with diltiazem, but this effect was not observed in CYP3A5 non-expressers. In CYP3A5 expressers wuzhi capsules had a greater ability relative to diltiazem to increase the blood concentration of tacrolimus.

Effects of hand-transmitted vibration on subjective symptoms in mine drilling workers / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of hand-transmitted vibration on the subjective symptoms of mine drilling workers. METHODS: A total of 117 mine drilling workers exposed to hand-transmitted vibration were selected as the exposure group, and 46 workers without hand-transmitted vibration exposure were selected as control group by judgment sampling method. The Occupational Epidemiology Questionnaire of Mine Drilling Workers was used to investigate their subjective symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of tinnitus, hearing loss, cough and sputum in the exposure group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). The occurrence rate of numbness, tingling, self-reported white fingers and cold hands in the exposure group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). The total rate of symptoms of hand in the exposure group was higher than that in the control group(38.5% vs 21.7%, P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis results indicated that hand-transmitted vibration exposure and service length were risk factors of abnormal hand symptoms(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Occupational hand-transmitted vibration exposure can affect the hand subjective symptoms of mine drilling workers, and the length of service is a synergistic influencing factor.

An overview of COVID-19 / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. By Feb. 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially named the disease resulting from infection with SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 represents a spectrum of clinical manifestations that typically include fever, dry cough, and fatigue, often with pulmonary involvement. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and most individuals within the population at large are susceptible to infection. Wild animal hosts and infected patients are currently the main sources of disease which is transmitted via respiratory droplets and direct contact. Since the outbreak, the Chinese government and scientific community have acted rapidly to identify the causative agent and promptly shared the viral gene sequence, and have carried out measures to contain the epidemic. Meanwhile, recent research has revealed critical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 biology and disease pathogenesis; other studies have focused on epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, as well as drug and vaccine development. This review aims to summarize the latest research findings and to provide expert consensus. We will also share ongoing efforts and experience in China, which may provide insight on how to contain the epidemic and improve our understanding of this emerging infectious disease, together with updated guidance for prevention, control, and critical management of this pandemic.

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation enhanced energy metabolism and induced oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans / 生理学报

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on energy metabolism and oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Worms in three adult stages (young adult stage, egg-laying stage and peak egg-laying stage) were investigated under 50 Hz, 3 mT ELF-EMF exposure. ATP levels, ATP synthase activity in vivo, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and changes of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were detected, and worms' oxidative stress responses were also evaluated under ELF-EMF exposure. The results showed that ATP levels were significantly increased under this ELF-EMF exposure, and mitochondrial ATP synthase activity was upregulated simultaneously. In young adult stage, worms' ROS level was significantly elevated, together with upregulated TAC but with a decreased ROS-TAC score indicated by principal component analysis. ROS level and TAC of worms had no significant changes in egg-laying and peak egg-laying stages. Based on these results, we concluded that ELF-EMF can enhance worm energy metabolism and elicit oxidative stress, mainly manifesting as ATP and ROS level elevation together with ATP synthase upregulation and ROS-TAC score decrease in young adult C. elegans.

Correlation between empowerment and medical support in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中华护理杂志

Objective To investigate the status of empowerment and medical support in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,and to explore the relationship between empowerment and medical support.Methods A multi-centered collaboration and cross-sectional survey was used in this study.With the method of simple random sampling,1512 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 18 tertiary hospitals in Hunan Province were investigated from January 2016 to April 2016.General information,empowerment and medical support were investigated using general information questionnaire,Diabetes Empowerment Scale-DAWN Short Form,Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care DAWN Short Form.Results The mean score of empowerment ability for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was (53.20±16.40).The mean score of medical support for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was (34.56±11.64).There was positive correlation between the empowerment ability and medical support in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Conclusion There is positive correlation between empowerment and medical support in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.But the received medical support is not enough.It is necessary to increase the supply of medical support to promote the empowerment of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Short-term effectiveness of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy in treatment of buttock pain associated with lumbar disc herniation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) in treatment of buttock pain associated with lumbar disc herniation. Methods: Between June 2015 and May 2016, 36 patients with buttock pain associated with lumbar disc herniation were treated with PELD. Of 36 cases, 26 were male and 10 were female, aged from 18 to 76 years (mean, 35.6 years). The disease duration ranged from 3 months to 10 years (mean, 14 months). The location of the pain was buttock in 2 cases, buttock and thigh in 6 cases, buttock and the ipsilateral lower extremity in 28 cases. Thirty-four patients had single-level lumbar disc herniation, and the involved segments were L 4, 5 in 15 cases and L 5, S 1 in 19 cases; 2 cases had lumbar disc herniation at both L 4, 5 and L 5, S 1. The preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score of buttock pain was 6.1±1.3. VAS score was used to evaluate the degree of buttock pain at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and last follow-up postoperatively. The clinical outcome was assessed by the modified MacNab criteria at last follow-up. Results: All patients were successfully operated and the operation time was 27-91 minutes (mean, 51 minutes). There was no nerve root injury, dural tear, hematoma formation, or other serious complications. The hospitalization time was 3-8 days (mean, 5.3 days). All incisions healed well and no infection occurred. Patients were followed up 12-24 months (median, 16 months). MRI examination results showed that the dural sac and nerve root compression were sufficiently relieved at 3 months after operation. Patients obtained pain relief after operation. The postoperative VAS scores of buttock pain at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and last follow-up were 1.1±0.6, 0.9±0.3, 1.0±0.3, and 0.9±0.4 respectively, showing significant differences when compared with preoperative VAS scores ( P0.05). At last follow-up, according to the modifed MacNab criteria, the results were excellent in 27 cases, good in 9 cases, and fair in 2 cases, and the excellent and good rate was 94.4%. Conclusion: PELD can achieve satisfactory short-term results in the treatment of buttock pain associated with lumbar disc herniation and it is a safe and effective minimally invasive surgical technique.

Application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study bacterial biofilms / 生物工程学报

Because of the nanometre resolution, piconewton force sensitivity, label-free technique and the ability to operate in liquid environments, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a powerful tool to explore the biofilm development processes. AFM provides three-dimensional topography and structural details of biofilm surfaces under in-situ conditions. It also helps to generate key information on the mechanical properties of biofilm surfaces, such as elasticity and stickiness. Additionally, single-molecule and single-cell force spectroscopies can be applied to measure the strength of adhesion, attraction, and repulsion forces between cell-solid and cell-cell surfaces. This paper outlined the basic principle of AFM technique and introduced recent advances in the application of AFM for the investigation of ultra-morphological, mechanical and interactive properties of biofilms. Furthermore, the existing problems and future prospects were discussed.

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: the best technique and curative efficacy / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: With the rapid development of surgical techniques, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty has become an issue of concern in the treatment of osteoarthritis, which has achieved significant progress inreducing trauma and rapid rehabilitation.OBJECTIVE: To summarize the development history, curative effect of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, and the research progress of lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty aided with computer navigation or robot system, thus providing reference for further study on unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.METHODS: Web of Science, and PubMed databases were searched for the literatures published from January 1955 to April 2017 with the keywords of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, osteoarthritis, unilateral compartment, lateral knee arthroplasty.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 562 articles were retrieved, and finally 75 English literatures were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. With the continuous improvement of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, it can retain the cruciate ligament and more bone mass. Notably, strict indications and reasonable postoperative functional exercise are essential for obtaining optimal effectiveness. At the same time, the development of computer navigation and robot-assisted technology has opened up a new horizon for the treatment of osteoarthritis,which makes the operation more accurate and minimally invasive. But the application still needs to be studied in depth.

Genotoxicity produced by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations:research advances / 军事医学

Humans are exposed to the ubiquitous radiofrequency (RF, 100 kHz-300 GHz) electromagnetic fields because of the mushroom development of wireless communications,raising concerns over the possible hazards of RF radiations.Epidemiological investigation has showed that chronic use of cellphones increases the risk of brain tumors.Since genetic damage is closely related to tumors, researchers have been trying to find out whether cellphones and other RF devices are genotoxic.However, the investigations have yielded both negative and positive results.This review summarized the recent in vitro and in vivo researches about genotoxicity of RF radiations and proposed a possible mechanism by which of RF radiations cause genetic damage.

Different doses vitamin D to bone metabolism in obese persons after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To determine the effect of different doses vitamin D supplementation to the change of bone metabolism in 6 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB) .Methods The change of body weight and body mass index ( BMI ) in 36 patients in 6 months after RYGB WAS analyzed.Then,the effect of low-dose (n=11,400 IU/day) and high-dose (n=12,1 600 IU/day) vitamin D to the serum calcium,25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone density were observed ,and 15 patients as control .Results In 6 months after RYGB,the body weight and BMI were decreased ,and the differences were statistical significance (P<0.05).The serum calcium,25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone density were increased in high-dose group,and the differences were statistical significance (P<0.05).Conclusion High-dose (1 600 IU/day) vitamin D supplementation is effective to the bone loss of patients undergoing RYGB .

Application and progress in endothelial progenitor cells in hypertension / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Structural and functional changes of endothelial cels are the common pathological basis of cardiovascular disease. Severe structural and functional damage of endothelial cels are found in patients with hypertension or coronary heart diseases. OBJECTIVE:To explore a new treatment method for hypertension from the perspective of vascular endothelial progenitor cels. METHODS: PubMed and Wanfang databases were retrieved using the keywords “hypertension, EPCs” and approximately relevant 200 English and 100 Chinese literatures were obtained. Forty-nine eligible literatures were screened finaly. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Endothelial progenitor cels have strong differentiation and proliferation capacities. This review may provide a new insight into potential sources of cels for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension.

Advances in molecular chaperones regulating yeast prion [ PSI+] propagation / 军事医学

The finding and research on yeast prion are of great values for biology and medical sciences.Research advances in molecular chaperones, especially in Hsp104p, Hsp70p and Hsp40p, regulating yeast prion [PSI+] propaga-tion,are reviewed.

Progress in medicinal research and applications of oral recombinant lactic acid bacteria / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To elaborate the advantages, immunological mechanisms of medicinal effects, influencing factors as well as applications of recombinant lactic acid bacteria (rLAB). In addition, the issues of their development are also discussed.

Effects of propofol on learning and memorizing ability and hippocampus TLR4 in epileptic rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the effects of propofol on learning and memorizing ability and the effects of com-bination of propofol and phenobarbital sodium on epi-leptic rats.Methods Thirty-six epileptic rats were di-vided into epileptic model group (EP),normal saline group (NS),lipid emulsion +epileptic group (LE), phenobarbital sodium +epileptic group (PB),propofol+epileptic pattern (Prof),and combination of propo-fol and phenobarbital sodium +epileptic group.Each group had 6 rats.Tests of Morris water maze were giv-en to the rats to evaluate their learning and memorizing ability.The protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4 )was examined by ELISA.Results There were no effects of saline and lipid emulsion on learning and memorizing ability and the expression of TLR4 pro-tein in hippocampus in epileptic rats (P >0.05 ). Propofol could increase the incubation period in epilep-tic rats obviously,shorten the plateau period,and in-crease the expression of TLR4 protein in hippocampus (P 0.05).Compared with PB,combination of propofol and phenobarbital sodium +epileptic group had a lon-ger incubation period and a shorter plateau period with an increase of the expression of TLR4 protein in hippo-campus (P 0.05 ).Conclusions Propofol damages the learning and memorizing ability of epileptic rats.Phenobarbital sodium had no obvious effect on the learning ability in epileptic rats,but harms the memorizing ability in epileptic rats.Combi-nation of propofol and phenobarbital sodium affects the learning and memorizing ability of epileptic rats.Hip-pocampus TLR4 may be involved in the effect of propo-fol and phenobarbital sodium on the learning and mem-orizing ability of epileptic rats.

Co-effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) and temper-ature on hsp22 and hsp26 expression in Drosophila melanogaster / 军事医学

Objective To study the combined effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields ( ELF-EMF ) exposure (50 Hz and 3 mT) and high temperature exposure on hsp22 and hsp26 expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods Under the conditions of 50 Hz and 3 mT ELF-EMF,the male and female D.melanogaster was separately exposed for 2 h at 25℃, 27.5℃, 30℃, 32.5℃,and 35℃, respectively.The death rate, exercise capacity and the hsp22 and hsp26 expression levels of D.melanogaster were detected after exposure;or at 25℃and 35℃at 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h, respectively.The hsp22 and hsp26 expression levels of D.melanogaster were tested after exposure .Results After exposure for 2 h at 25℃, 27.5℃, 30℃, 32.5℃, and 35℃, temperature had a significant effect (P0.05).After exposure for 2 h at 25℃, 27.5℃, 30℃, 32.5℃, and 35℃, the hsp22 and hsp26 expression levels of D.melanogaster were significantly impacted(P<0.01) by gender, temperature, ELF-EMF and exposure time, and tem-perature was the most important factor .Gender, temperature, ELF-EMF and exposure time had some interaction with the results.Conclusion ELF-EMF can influence the expression levels of hsp22 and hsp26.ELF-EMF exposure contributes to heat tolerance in D.melanogaster through accelerated expression of hsp22 and hsp26.

The changing trends of HIV/AIDS in an ethnic minority region of China: modeling the epidemic in Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan Province / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study was to investigate the HIV current situation in Liangshan prefecture, in order to predict prevalence and transmission trends.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Region-specific population, behavior, serosurveillence, and policy/program data (from 1995 to 2010) were gathered from various local and national organizations and applied to the Asian Epidemic Model (AEM) and used to derive estimates of future HIV prevalence, epidemic trends, and outcomes of intervention strategies.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The AEM projections for 2020 included increased number of people living with HIV (PLHIV; to 136 617), increased HIV prevalence (2.51%), and 8037 deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in this region. However, the overall HIV incidence rate (per 10 000) was projected to decline from 27 in 2015 to 22 in 2020, largely due to a predicted decrease in HIV infection rate (per 10 000) from 658 in 2013 to 621 in 2020 among intravenous drug users. In contrast, the cases of HIV infection per 10 000 was projected to increase from 420 in 2010 to 503 in 2020 among men who have sex with men, and from 8 in 2010 to 15 in 2020 among the general population. The predominant risk factor for HIV transmission over the next decade in Liangshan was casual sex. Community-based outreach strategies to reduce injected drug use and casual sex, and to promote condom use, were predicted as effective interventions to decrease HIV transmission.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Implementation of a comprehensive public health program, with targeting to the region-specific at-risk populations, will help to mitigate HIV/AIDS spread in Liangshan.</p>